The Early Tradition of the True Prophet and Menahem in Jewish Christianity

I find that 'proof' tenuous?

The Henrichs article says:
(7) The doctrine of the “True Prophet.” The Pseudo-Clementines and Elchasai coincide in that they propagate the cyclic incarnation of the
True Prophet. For Elchasai, however, the series of incarnations did not culminate in Christ, but included Elchasai and continued even
beyond him. The Cologne Codex has a clear reference to this doctrine. Some of the baptists were so impressed by Mani's performance as a theologian that they regarded him as the True Prophet and the incarnation of the Living Logos. This doctrine, which lies at the root of
Mani’s own conception of his apostleship as the concluding stage in a series of incarnations, forms, in combination with the docetism of
Marcion and Bardaisan, the basis of Mani’s christology."

But the text goes on:
"These parallels are overwhelming. Henceforth, the fact that Mani grew up in, and was influenced by, Jewish-Christian baptists must be
reckoned with. This new insight into the religious environment in which Mani had lived for twenty years is quite a revelation in its own
right and will provide fertile soil for future studies.

"And yet the early history of Mani’s baptists is totally in the dark. The moment we consider their origin, we indulge in speculation, a tendency which has proved particularly dangerous in these studies. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the Elchasaite connections of the Babylonian baptists may be secondary and superimposed, perhaps through the adoption of Elchasai’s book of revelation, on an original Palestinian substratum. Two factors support such a hypothesis. In the first place, there is strong evidence for missionary activities of Elchasaite groups, in the late second and early third centuries, in places as different as Coele Syria (Apameia), Rome, and Palestine. It is conceivable, therefore, that another wave of this missionary tide reached southern Babylonia and mingled with existing currents, thus producing the special blend of Mani’s baptists. In the second place, Mani’s baptists led a communal life in isolated villages and emphasized manual labor, especially agriculture. There is no recorded precedent for such a form of organization in Jewish-Christian sects. But there are the Essenes and the Qumran sect of Palestine which provide analogies."
(Mani and the Babylonian Baptists: A Historical Confrontation, Albert Henrichs, pps 54-56, emphasis mine.)

Henrichs uses the term 'Babylonian baptists' throughout. Ebionites are mentioned only once, as being vegetarians, as were the Manichæan 'elect' – the 'hearers' were not under the same rule. Yet the Elkasaites were not vegetarian.

Where problems arise is highlighted above, and as primarily-gentile Christianity changed over the first centuries, so did the doctrines of the Jewish-Christian groups. To assume they remained pure whereas others did not is a step too far and is belied by what records we have.

No original doctrines survived, whole and entirely unchanged, from their founding.

It's more than likely that 'Ebionite' ideas contained in the pseudo-Clementine literature is the result of 'Ebionite' redactors, whilst clearly elements of the literature contradict what we assume to be early Ebionite belief.

In the lack of firm evidence to the contrary, I would suggest that the "Ebionite ideas of the cyclical successions of revelators" is not authentically Ebionite, if indeed ever part of their doctrine, but rather a later incorporation under the influence of Elchasaite and Manichæan groups, if not an erroneous assumption attributing to them ideas which were not theirs by their patristic critics.
 
No man cometh to the Father, but by me" (John 14:6), and that has been true from the foundation of the world.
I don't think so. I think you'll find that the "Jewish Messiah" has not been sent to the world
before that of 2000 years ago.
Many other messengers were sent, yes. Some of them are named in the Bible.
 
Actually I'm saying it is exactly of the same kind in that the first advocate is Jesus, and the second advocate is the Spirit of Christ, two divine persons of the same substance and nature.

This is no different than the pro-Nicene consensus regarding the co-equality and consubstantiality of the Son and the Spirit. You are forcing a later developed Trinitarian theology onto the text. A co-equal Trinity was not the original Christian understanding. This is historically false. Early Christians were “‘subordinationist’, as the Son and Spirit are always in some sense derivative of, less than, and subordinate to their source, the one God, that is, the Father.

No theologian in the first three Christian centuries was a trinitarian in the sense of believing that the one God is tripersonal, containing equally divine 'Persons', Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


My simple proposal is that multiple distinct human persons (such as Jesus and Baháʼu’lláh) reflect the one eternal Logos.

I really don't think it does.

My reading employs the same logic. The word allos, as you say, is (often) "another of the same kind", whereas an alternative Greek term is heteros (ἕτερος), which means "another of a different kind".

Yes, Thomas, you do apply the dictionary definition of the word allos (another of the same kind), but there is a problem: you apply the definition anachronistically. You basically want us to believe "same kind" means "two divine persons of the same substance and nature."

The text, however, defines this sameness as functional (John 12.49, 16.13). Why should I give ear 👂 to fourth century proclamations?

The implication then, in announcing this "other" paraclete of the same kind, is to do with mission and its completion.

Yes, the sameness is about the mission, and that mission is the specific function of a human prophet (John 12.49, 16.13). The sameness in mission is the sameness in prophetic function. Hearing and speaking is the literal role of a "Person Who wilt be inspired . . . Further, the Holy Spirit doth not have ears with which to hear."

Jesus is a paraclete as per 1 John 2:1-2: "... And if anyone sins we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ, the righteous one; and he is an atonement for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world."

So if we read the sense of paraclete in 1 John, then the emphasis is on Jesus as our intercessor before God, who not only speaks on our behalf, but takes the burden of sin on Himself for our sakes.

This means that "another of the same kind" (allon Paraklēton) must not only be a hearer and speaker but must also be a human intercessor, acting as a human High Priest. All the Prophets are “one soul and one body, as one light and one spirit” (to quote Baha’u’llah), and as one High Priest. An abstract Holy Spirit cannot perform a Yom Kippur-style atonement. This proves to me that "another of the same kind" must be another human Prophet-Priest, just like Jesus.

In John's Gospel, the Holy Spirit, 'the Spirit of the truth', is sent from the Father at the Son's request (14:16), and although this advocate cannot be seen or known by the world, can be known by the ones to whom it is sent because they receive it inwardly (14:17).

And a few verses later Jesus uses the exact same indwelling language for himself and the Father. This is not a literal, internal indwelling: “Jesus answered and said to him, ‘If someone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and will make our home with him.’” (John 14.23) The Father and the Son are not literally indwelling. It is clearly a metaphor for the believer's heart being filled with the teachings, influence, and spiritual reality of the True Prophet. The eternal True Prophet is “present with us at all times... [and] he appears and corrects us" in a cycle of human prophets.

This advocate, the Holy Spirit (14:26), whom the Father sends in Jesus' name, will "teach you everything and will remind you of everything I have told you," (14:26) and furthermore "he will testify concerning me", that is, the Son (15:26).

So the mission of the paraclete seems somewhat different, even though the function is the same.

The disciples already had Jesus and the Holy Spirit present with them, yet they "could not bear" the full truth. This promise requires a new, external teacher to reveal new revelation. “I still have many things to tell you, but right now you cannot bear them... when that one comes, the Spirit of the truth, he will guide you on the way to all truth...” (John 16.12-13) The idea that the Holy Spirit alone would suddenly make them able to bear it is not plausible.

So whereas the function of parakletos in 1 John 2, speaking of the Son, is one of advocacy and intercession on behalf of humanity, the function of parakletos in John's Gospel... is that of the Holy Spirit who stands with us...

Translation: not allon Paraklēton ("another of the same kind"). You have created a false separation between the first Paraklētos who advocates to the Father by atonement and the second Paraklētos who advocates to us by teaching and indwelling. The True Prophet inherits the full role. The sameness (allon) is the full role of the Tsaddiq - both teaching as a prophet and atoning as a priest.

James’ job was to prepare the way for the next coming of the Lord: James 5.8: “Fix firmly your hearts: for the coming of the Lord draws near.” He acts as the Tsaddiq and Opposition High Priest and performed the Yom Kippur-style atonement. He delivers the ta'wil, the spiritual interpretation.
 
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In the lack of firm evidence to the contrary, I would suggest that the "Ebionite ideas of the cyclical successions of revelators" is not authentically Ebionite, if indeed ever part of their doctrine, but rather a later incorporation under the influence of Elchasaite and Manichæan groups, if not an erroneous assumption attributing to them ideas which were not theirs by their patristic critics.

You propose the Elkasaites later influenced the Ebionites. I propose the exact opposite:

The characteristic theologoumenon [theological concept] of Ebionite Christianity consists in the idea of the True Prophet..."
-Henry Corbin

The cyclical doctrine is not a later incorporation into Ebionism. It is the logical extension of its core Christology. Corbin explains why:

“The pattern of Ebionite Christology as contrasted with the official Christology of the Church is well known. Adoptianist like that of the Shepherd of Hermas, this Christology considers Jesus as having first been a man among men. It looks on the scene of the Baptism as the Epiphany: a supernatural light descended from heaven, illumining and transfiguring the place (as in the narrative of the Acts of Peter), and the words of the Holy Spirit were heard: ‘Thou art my beloved son, today I have engendered thee’ (words which are echoed by those of Jesus recorded in the Gospel According to the Hebrews: ‘My mother the Holy Spirit seized me by the hair and carried me up to Mount Tabor’). The consequences of this Christology are incommensurable: what interest now has the earthly genealogy of Jesus? Only Angelos Christos pre-exists, and all that need be meditated upon is his eternal birth in the pleroma. For beyond any doubt we find here a trace of the early hesitation to distinguish between Angelos Christos, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the repercussions of which may be found in all Islamic theology (in the identification between the Holy Spirit and Gabriel the Archangel, who in Christian Gnosis was also Gabriel-Christos). But we know that this recognition of Christos as an Angel (who confers not his essence or his ‘person,’ but his name and his quality upon Jesus) was bound up, among the Ebionites, as may be seen in I Enoch, with the idea of the Son of Man as originally a celestial Archangel and of Christos as one of the Archangels, at once prince of all the other Angels and celestial archetype of mankind.

Your conclusion hinges on a quote from Henrichs suggesting the link "may be secondary." However, the Encyclopædia Iranica is quite clear: "Alchasai founded a Jewish Christian baptist community, a faction in the Ebionite movement." The Cologne Mani Codex (CMC) "asserted that Mani grew up in a Judeo-Christian community of which Alchasai was regarded as the founder." "Most scholars regard the testimony of the Cologne Mani codex as credible . . ." and that there is "no reason to doubt the assertion in the Cologne Mani Codex that Mani grew up in a Christian-oriented, rather than a Mandean, community.” “His earliest teachers were not members of a decidedly anti-Christian sect under strong Persian influence but Jewish Christians who believed in the efficacy of rites and baptism.” They were so similar the “Syriac Liber scholiorum of Theodore bar Kōnai contains the important remark that their [Elchasaites] teaching was 'in every respect like that of the Ebionites'..."

One may reasonably conclude that the True Prophet doctrine was inherited from Ebionites that traced their lineage back to James.
 
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Henrichs uses the term 'Babylonian baptists' throughout. Ebionites are mentioned only once, as being vegetarians, as were the Manichæan 'elect' – the 'hearers' were not under the same rule. Yet the Elkasaites were not vegetarian.

According to Encyclopædia Iranica, the Elkasaites were vegetarian:

The Cologne Codex as a whole indicates that Elchasaism was more important and widespread than hitherto known. It confirms and clarifies the patristic records, although it adds little to the general knowledge of the movement (or movements): (1) ritualistic conception of piety, life “according to the Law” (nomos), (2) keeping of the sabbath, (3) repeated baptisms (violently attacked by Mani), (4) “baptism” of food, (5) ritual preparation and baking of bread, disapproved by Mani, (6) acknowledgment of the gospels (so also Mani), but rejection of St. Paul, to whom Mani was indebted, (7) vegetarianism (so Ephiphanius and the Fehrest), implied though not expressly mentioned by the Codex (accepted by Mani), (8) cyclic incarnation of the True Apostle (taken over by Mani). (See Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 5, 1970, pp. 158ff.; A. Henrichs, “Mani and the Babylonian Baptists,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 77, 1973, pp. 47ff.; A. Henrichs and L. Koenien, “Der Kölner Mani-Codex . . . ,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 32, 1978, pp. 183ff.)

Epiphanius reported Elchasai rejected the consumption of meat:

Another possible continuity in this Jewish Christian tradition might be vegetarianism” (Epiphanius, Panarion, 19.3.6; Pseudo-Clementine R., 7.6.4, par. H.12.6.4). (pp.297-300)
 
Henrichs uses the term 'Babylonian baptists' throughout. Ebionites are mentioned only once, as being vegetarians, as were the Manichæan 'elect' – the 'hearers' were not under the same rule. Yet the Elkasaites were not vegetarian.
Vegetarianism is a motif found in the Pseudo-Clementine literature, the Gospel of the Ebionites, Epiphanius' reports on the ‘Ebionites,’ Elchasaite traditions, Hegesippus's references to James, and the Didascalia. Jewish Christian vegetarianism is also part of a broader tradition opposing animal sacrifice, a motif found in the Book of Elchasai, the Gospel of the Ebionites (Pan. 30.16.5), a reconstructed source underlying Recognitions 1.27-71, composed around 200 CE, and the Recognitions and Homilies, representing two interpretive lenses through which Jewish Christians remembered Jesus.”
-Simon J. Joseph, “Remembering the Marginalized Vegetarian in the Study of Christian Origins”
 
On a side note, it is interesting that Paul wrote that “some believe in eating anything, while the weak eat only vegetables” (Romans 14.1-2). Now it was widely believed James was a vegetarian . . .
 
This is no different than the pro-Nicene consensus regarding the co-equality and consubstantiality of the Son and the Spirit.
Nicaea was about the Father and the Son. This is about the Son and the Holy Spirit, but the point is accepted.

Quite so, but what is the relation of the Son to the Spirit, which is the point I was making. There were arguments about the priority of the Son or the Holy Spirit in relation to the Father, and yet in Scripture the Son and Holy Spirit share a certain equality, such as in Paul in Romans 8:9:
"But you are not in flesh, but rather in spirit, since God’s Spirit dwells in you. But if one does not have the Spirit of Christ, this one is not his."

My simple proposal is that multiple distinct human persons (such as Jesus and Baháʼu’lláh) reflect the one eternal Logos.
OK. I disagree, as you'd expect, but OK, I acknowledge that is how you see it.

However, you have John 14:26 to contend with –
ὁ δὲ παράκλητος τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον / The Advocate, the Holy Spirit (which the father will send in my name)

The Holy Spirit, The Pneuma Hagios, is clearly not a human being. One could argue the Holy Spirit manifesting in a human being, as happened at Pentecost, and to Cornelius and his household in Acts 10, but here, I would offer that's not what the Gospel is saying.

Yes, Thomas, you do apply the dictionary definition of the word allos (another of the same kind), but there is a problem: you apply the definition anachronistically. You basically want us to believe "same kind" means "two divine persons of the same substance and nature."
LOL, fair point. I was simply pushing the grammar to the limit of 'same kind', and you're right, its a trinitarian anachronism.

But then, your argument is a Baha'i anachronism. ;)

The point is, grammatically, allos refers to parakletos, that is, another paraclete, not another human being. There is nothing in the text that supports that. You're reading onto the text to fit your theology. It could be a person, a divine being, an angel ... even, poetically, an animal.

The text, however, defines this sameness as functional (John 12.49, 16.13). Why should I give ear 👂 to fourth century proclamations?
Well, to be fair, you're asking me to give ear to your quite modern proclamations.

Yes, the sameness is about the mission, and that mission is the specific function of a human prophet (John 12.49, 16.13).
No, it's not. It's about advocacy. You keep trying to add definitions to parakletos that don't apply.

Further, the Holy Spirit doth not have ears with which to hear."
From here on, you're offering a Baha'i interpretation of the text. I simply do not accept it. I think the above comment is quite silly, frankly.

But it is your faith, and I accept that you choose to believe that way. I simply do not. Nor do I find your arguments anywhere near as compelling or conclusive, as definitive and indisputable, as you seem to assume. Reading the chapters of John whole, they become increasingly friable.
 
such as Epiphanius, are not reliable in their descriptions of what the various heterodox groups believed, as they often worked from hearsay, assumption, or their interpretation of texts ... I think 'Ebionite' might have been a catch-all term, like 'Gnostics'.

We have to evaluate their reliability case by case. In the case of the Elchasaites, Epiphanius is reliable because it can be shown he had the source text: the Book of Elchasai. Scholars have already looked at this problem. Jones argues that "there is a solid, reliable kernel to Epiphanius’ remarks” concerning the Elchasaites. This reliability is supported by the fact that Hippolytus and Epiphanius "strikingly agree verbatim in certain of their excerpts.” Jones suggests that because Epiphanius "also has citations not found in Hippolytus," it is "virtually certain that he [Epiphanius]... had access to the Book [of Elchasai] itself.” Scholars can continue to search for reliable information in Epiphanius’ report and not “doubt Epiphanius's remarks without some substantial basis.’”

As noted above, “Jewish Christian vegetarianism is also part of a broader tradition opposing animal sacrifice, a motif found in the Book of Elchasai . . .” If the book really contained teachings opposing animal sacrifice, we can reasonably suppose they were vegetarian too even if it was not directly mentioned in the Book of Elchasai.

Considering the relatively close relationship between the rejection of animal sacrifice and the affirmation of vegetarianism in Jewish Christian traditions (of Jesus, John, James, Peter, and Matthew), it is tempting to draw the conclusion that vegetarianism represents a continuum of Jewish Christian identity from the mid-first century through the fourth century of the common era.”
 
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