Paragraph 2: Some time later...
For centuries, the teaching that the Eucharist was Christ went unquestioned. The Gospels said it. St Paul said it. the Fathers said it. Quite how, technically, was never asked. The vast majority of believers, then as now, do not bother into getting into theological debate.
My late mum once said how she loved listening to me talk about theology. Then she said, "As long as I receive the Eucharist, I don't care." That about sums it up. That's the way people are. Most people just ain't bothered in the technicalities.
So everything went along quite nicely until Paschasius Radbertus (785–865) wrote "De Corpore et Sanguine Christi."
Paschasius was abbot of Corbie, a monastery about 10 miles from Amiens, in the valley of the River Somme in France. He wrote of a complete identity between the historical, physical body of Jesus Christ, and the Eucharist. Christ's actual body is eaten mystically, not perceptible to the senses, but no less real for all that. He used the multiplication of the loaves as an example for the miraculous multiplication of Christ’s flesh in the Eucharist. Radbertus also said that Christ suffers and dies again in the Mass.
There was a contrary theological view of the 'triforme Corpus Christi' that distinguished the historical body – born of the Virgin, died on the Cross, ascended into heaven; the eucharistic body and the mystical body – that is the church of believers. All three are bodies of Christ, but not identical.
In response to the book, the Frankish king, Charles II the Bald, asked a monk of Corbie – Ratramnus (died around 868) two questions: is Christ’s presence in the Eucharist only visible with the eyes of faith, or do our eyes actually see the body and blood of Christ? And is the body of Christ in the Eucharist the same as that "born of Mary, suffered, died and was buried and ascended to the heavens to the right hand of the father"?
Ratramnus wrote a response also (and unhelpfully) called De Corpore et Sanguine Christi. Christ, he said, is truly present in a mystical way, just not physically.
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Both Paschasius and Ratramnus drew on Augustine’s categories of veritas and figura. Veritas is knowledge through the senses. Figura is knowledge through the intellect informed by the senses. The veritas of the Eucharist is bread. The figura is the body of Christ. We might, in hindsight, say 'literally' and 'symbolically', but we'd be wrong, because that's not how our two contenders understood the term.
There's no mention of controversy, dispute or condemnation (there would be later) ... it seems just two views, although Paschasius was Ratramnus' abbot, and was in a position to discipline him, there's no evidence that he did.
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As ever, once a dispute begins, partisans of either side take over and begin a more emphatic dialogue. I cannot remember the details, but I do vividly recall a tutor taking us through the debates, and saying that if you read some of Paschasius' supporters, asserting a real, physical, flesh-and-blood presence, you'd think the altar cloth would be awash with blood and gore by the time Mass was over!