I do not comprehend what "one Supreme God, inclusive of many other Gods, whereas the western view is generally One God period" even means.
Doesn’t Hinduism accept nearly all theological approaches without judgment?
Radar, that is the Hindu strategy.
Many times our Gods are at odds. Take the case of Banasura, whose daughter Usha abducted Krishna's grandson to take him as her husband (she was infatuated by a portrait that she saw of Aniruddha). Now, Banasura was a Shiva devotee, so Shiva came to help him and fought against Krishna. Two Gods of equal power, and the skirmish never seemed to end to the detriment of the universe. So the sages came to them, reminded them that whether Hari (Vishnu - Krishna) or Hara (Shiva), they were the same. The Gods agreed and the avatara is known as Harihara (combine the two).
See Shiva's trident and 'khappara' (skull in which he prepares his drinks) on one side, and Vishnu's chakra and conch on the other side, the snakes and the necklace on the two sides.
Similarly combine the three, Aryan Brahma and indigenous Vishnu and Shiva, in Brahman. Combine the Gods in various regions of India in Vishnu (eight avataras and Buddha). Combine the various Mother Goddesses and the spouses of the Hindu trinity (Brahma - Brahmani, Vishnu - Lakshmi, Shiva - Parvati), spouses of avataras (Rama- Sita, Krishna - Rukmani) into one, Shakti.
That is why, we did not have to break any idols.
For your second question, no. Hinduism does not accept all theological approaches without judgment. If we accept monotheism, then we would have to negate our polytheism. No compromise can be reached between these two diametrically opposite positions.